四库全书 之 说文解字 FREE

《說文解字》簡稱《說文》，是一部中國東漢許慎編著的文字工具書，全書共分540個部首，收字9,353個，另有“重文”（即異體字）1,163個，說解共用133,441字，原書分為目錄一篇和正文14篇。原書現已失落，但其中大量內容被漢朝以後的其他書籍引用，並有北宋徐鉉於雍熙三年（986年）校訂完成的版本（稱為“大徐本”）流傳至今。宋以後的說文研究著作多以此為藍本，例如清朝的段玉裁注釋本。

東漢許慎撰著的《說文解字》，是中國第一部按照偏旁部首編排的字典，也是世界上最早的字書之一。它首立部首排列法，以六書理論解釋字形、字義、字音及其互相關係的漢語字典，開創後世字典編排、查檢的先河﹔保存了上古豐富的文字資料﹔闡發了前人的六書說，並首先運用六書理論分析漢字的形體構造，因形說義，因聲求源，是人們認識、掌握上古語音、詞匯和讀通先秦兩漢古籍的重要工具書。此外，《說文解字》釋字時往往先列出小篆，如果古文和籀文不同，則在後面列出。然後解釋這個字的本義，再解釋字形與字義或字音之間的關係。總括而言，《說文解字》是科學文字學和文獻語言學的奠基之作，在中國語言學史上有極其重要的地位。

許慎，字叔重，汝南召陵（今河南郾城東北）人。師事賈逵，受古文經學，為馬融所推崇，時人譽稱「五經無雙許叔重」。舉孝廉，歷任校長、太尉閣祭酒。所著有《說文解字》和《五經異義》。《說文解字》始作於漢和帝永元十二年，前後經歷二十餘年，至漢安帝建光元年，許慎卧病在床，才由其子許沖進上；而《五經異義》已佚，清人陳壽祺《五經異義疏証》輯註較備。

許慎於《說文解字敘》中指出：「古者庖羲氏之王天下也，仰則觀象於天，俯則觀法於地，視鳥獸之文與地之宜，近取諸身，遠取諸物；於是始作易八卦，以垂憲象。及神農氏，結繩為治，而統其事。」由於古人沒有文字，只用結繩等方法來記事，以致「庶業其繁，飾偽萌生」。及至倉頡造字，才使「百工以乂，萬品以察」。然而，隨著文字的演變，而時人又「雖有尉律不課，小學不修」，加上假借字的普遍，使許多字已失去了本義，或者出現誤用的情況。為了「解謬誤，曉學者，達神恉」，許慎遂作《說文解字》。

《說文解字》的書名，許慎這樣解釋：「倉頡之初作書也，蓋依類象形，故謂之文。其後形聲相益，即謂之字。文者，物象之本；字者，言孳乳而寖多也。」

"Dictionary" short "Wen said," is a Chinese Han Xu Shen edited text books, the book is divided into 540 radicals, received 9,353 words, and another "heavy text" (ie variant) 1,163, said Xie shared 133,441 words, the original book is divided into a directory and the body 14. The original book has been lost, but after a lot of content Han cited other books, and a Northern Song Yong Xi Xu Xuan in three years (986 years) to complete the revision version (called "Da Xu") has spread. Song later said the text books and more as a blueprint for research, such as the Qing Duan comment.
        
    Han Xu Shen put together the "Dictionary", is one of China's first dictionary in accordance with radical choreography, the book is the first word in the world. It SOLINK radical permutation to six books theory to explain Chinese dictionary shape, meaning, pronunciation and their relationships with each other, creating a dictionary choreography later, a search precedent; preserved ancient rich text data; elucidation of the previous six books said, and the first six books of theoretical analysis using physical structure of Chinese characters, as shaped said righteousness seeking the source of the sound, is that people understand and master the ancient pronunciation, vocabulary and reading important books through the ancient Qin and Han. In addition, the "Dictionary" is the word often listed first Xiaozhuan release, if different from classical and Zhou Wen, listed in the back. Then explain the meaning of the word, and then explain the relationship between shape and meaning or pronunciation between. In conclusion, the "Dictionary" is the foundation for the science of linguistics, philology and literature in the history of Chinese linguistics has an extremely important position.
   
    Xu Shen, Zi Shu heavy Ru'nan Shaoling (Henan Yancheng Northeast) people. Teacher was Jia Kui, by the Classical Learning, Ma Rong is respected, when people Fitch said, "Five Classics unparalleled promise t heavy." For Xiaolian, served as president, Qiu Court libation. The author of "Dictionary" and "Five Classics different meaning." "Dictionary" before making the Han Dili Yongyuan years, after more than twenty years experience, to build the first light of Han Andi, Xu Shen bedridden before his son Xu rushed on; while "Five Classics Different Meaning" has been lost , Qing Chen Shouqi "Five Classics different Hermeneutics card" series of Notes over the equipment.

    Xu Shen in the "Dictionary Syria," pointed out: "In ancient kitchen Xi Wang Tianxia's also, saith the elephant in the day, overlooking the view of law on the ground, depending on the text of the birds and the ground should be nearly taken from body, far from the objects; so before making the easy to gossip, with weeping and constitution as Shennong, rope as a rule, and the system being to "As the ancients no text, only the rope and other methods to note that" Shu industry. its complex, decorated with pseudo-initiation. " Until Changjei creation, only to "hundreds of hands to qe, Wan goods to the police." However, with the evolution of the text, while another man, "although the law does not lesson Wei, primary or revision", with the word under the guise of common, so many words have lost their original meaning, or there is the case of misuse. To "solution fallacy, Xiao scholars purport of God," Xu Shen then as "Dictionary."

    "Dictionary" title Xu Shen explained: Man who subsequently shaped the sound of the images relative benefits, namely that of the word "Changjei beginning for the book also, Guy pictographic class, so that the text; characters. who made more than Ziru and dip it. "