Cosmology Guide

Physical cosmology is the branch of physics and astrophysics that deals with the study of the physical origins and evolution of the Universe. It also includes the study of the nature of the Universe on a large scale. In its earliest form, it was what is now known as "celestial mechanics", the study of the heavens. Greek philosophers Aristarchus of Samos, Aristotle, and Ptolemy proposed different cosmological theories. The geocentric Ptolemaic system was the prevailing theory until the 16th century when Nicolaus Copernicus, and subsequently Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei, proposed a heliocentric system. This is one of the most famous examples of epistemological rupture in physical cosmology.


Understanding the origin of mass is one of the greatest challenges of science. Going back to a tiny fraction of a second after the Big Bang, the four forces of nature began to split apart and an inflationary expansion took place that increased the size of the universe exponentially. Under these extremely hot conditions the fundamental particles began to form and travel at the speed of light. A tiny fraction of a second later, these particles acquired mass through the Higgs Mechanism, thereby creating the Standard Model of elementary particles ( leptons, quarks, and bosons). The moment when the Higgs field went from zero to an average nonzero value is known as the "electroweak phase transition." The transition was similar to liquid water turning into ice.

Cosmology is a branch of astronomy that involves the origin and evolution of the universe, from the Big Bang to today and on into the future. According to NASA, the definition of cosmology is "the scientific study of the large scale properties of the universe as a whole

Cosmology Cover following content

What Is Cosmology? Definition & History

The Expanding Universe

Cepheid Variables

Redshift and Recessional Velocity

Redshift vs. Kinematic Doppler Shift

Cosmological Metric & Expansion

Robertson-Walker Metric

Hubble Parameter & Scale Factor

Friedmann Equation & World Models

Fluid Equation

Matter Dominated Universe

Radiation Dominated Universe

Dark Energy

Spiral Galaxy Rotation Curves

Velocity Dispersion Measurements of Galaxies

Hubble & Density Parameter

Age of Universe

Angular Diameter Distance

Luminosity Distance

Type 1A Supernovae

Cosmic Microwave Background

CMB - Temperature at Decoupling

Anisotropy of CMB Radiation & Cobe

Modelling the CMB Anisotropies

Horizon Length at the Surface of Last Scattering

Extrasolar Planet Detection

Radial Velocity Method
& Much more
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