Analysis of Concrete Structure

A.Elemen structure
A structural system is a combination of structural elements with the material. It is important for engineers to classify the structure of both form and function to identify the various elements that make up the structure. Structural elements include:

Bending elements: simple Beams

Beam
A slender beam by simple placement will generate bending. The term problems bending interpreted the study of stresses and deformations arising on the elements that undergo the action of force. Generally perpendicular to the axis of the elements so that one edge in extended fiber and other fiber edge shrinkage.

Column
In addition loadbearing walls, columns also a vertical element that is very widely used. Column generally do not experience bending directly because there is no load perpendicular to its axis. Bedasarkan categorized column length. Short column is a column that failure in the form of material failure (determined by the strength of the material). Column length is determined by the failure column buckling, so failure is a failure because of instability, not for the strength. [2]

Plate
Plat is palanar rigid structure which is typically made of a material monolith whose height is small compared to other dimensions. Generally it can be said that the plates are made of homogeneous material have the same properties in all directions.

membrane
The membrane is a thin flexible surface structure bear the burden mainly through the tensile stress. Membrane structures tend to adjust to the way the structure burdened. Besides this structure is very sensitive to the aerodynamic effects of wind. This effect can cause a fluttering (vibration). Stabilization can be done by giving a pre-tension force.

eggshell
Eggshell is a three-dimensional structural forms rigid and thin and has a curved surface.

B. Expenses

Warren Truss bridge type in Leupung, Aceh. Here the dead load is the weight of a steel frame and pavement. Average load of his life is the vehicle load, wind, and earthquake.
After the dimension of the structure is known, is very important and then determining any burden borne from the structure. Load design is usually specified by the applicable building regulations. To the jurisdiction of Indonesia used SNI 03 1727 1989 Imposition Planning for Home and Building. There are two types of loads on the structures that must be considered in the design. The first type is called the dead load is the weight of each member of the group structure or object heavy object placed permanently. For instance, columns, beams, girders (girder), floor slabs, walls, windows, plumbing, electrical appliance, and so forth. The second is a live load, which loads that move or vary in size and location. An example is the load of vehicles on the bridge, the load of visitors to the building, rain load, snow load, load explosion, earthquake loads, and loads more natural.

wind load
When structures block the flow of the wind, the wind kinetic energy into potential energy is converted into pressure, which causes a wind loading. Wind effects on structures depends on the density and air velocity, the angle of incidence of wind, the shape and stiffness of the structure and kekesaran surface. Imposition of wind can be observed from a static or dynamic approach.

earthquake load
The earthquake resulted in loading on a structure through interaction of ground movement and the response characteristics of the structure. This loading is the result of structural distortions caused by ground movement and rigidity of the structure. The amount depends on a lot and the type of ground motion acceleration, time and rigidity of the structure. Imposition and analysis of earthquake in Indonesia refer to SNI 03 1726 2010 Earthquake Resilience Planning Standards For Building Structures and Non-Building.